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If your business conducts research or product development, a significant tax law change could unlock tax savings. The 2025 tax legislation, commonly known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), reinstated the ability to immediately deduct domestic research and experimental (R&E) expenses.

This change reversed a key provision of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) that required businesses to capitalize and amortize domestic R&E expenses over five years and foreign R&E expenses over 15 years. As a result, you may have new tax-saving opportunities as you prepare your 2025 tax return and plan for 2026.

What the Change Means for Your 2025 Filing

Beginning with eligible 2025 expenses, businesses can once again deduct U.S.-based R&E costs in full in the year they're incurred. This can significantly reduce taxable income and improve cash flow.

The law also provides flexibility for prior-year R&E expenses. You can potentially accelerate deductions that previously you would have had to spread over multiple years.

Strategies to Maximize R&E Tax Benefits

Amend returns for prior years. Small businesses (generally those with average annual gross receipts of $31 million or less over the past three years) may be able to apply the rule retroactively. If eligible, you can file amended returns for 2022, 2023 and/or 2024 to claim immediate deductions for domestic R&E expenses previously amortized and, potentially, receive a tax refund for those years. You must file the amended return(s) by July 4, 2026.

More quickly claim remaining deductions. Businesses of any size that capitalized and began amortizing R&E expenses in 2022, 2023 and/or 2024 can accelerate their deductions for the remaining unamortized balance. You can deduct it entirely on your 2025 return or split it ratably between your 2025 and 2026 returns, rather than continuing amortization over the original five-year period.

Bring research activities back onshore. The immediate deduction makes domestic research activities significantly more attractive from a tax perspective. While under prior law, U.S.-based R&E already benefited from shorter amortization periods, the difference between an immediate deduction and a 15-year amortization schedule for foreign research further strengthens the incentive to locate R&E activities in the United States.

Consider the research credit. A tax deduction reduces your taxable income, while a tax credit reduces your tax bill dollar-for-dollar and is generally more valuable. You may be eligible for the credit for "increasing research activities," but fewer types of expenses qualify for the credit than for the R&E deduction. While you can benefit from both, you can't receive a double tax benefit for the same costs.

Seek Guidance

The return of the immediate deduction for R&E expenses can bring planning opportunities for businesses. Contact the office for help determining what applies to your situation.

If you buy, sell or trade digital assets, such as cryptocurrency or certain nonfungible tokens (NFTs), new reporting requirements will likely affect how your transactions are reported to and reviewed by the IRS. While these rules don't change how digital assets are taxed, they significantly impact information reporting, increasing transparency and scrutiny.

Tax Treatment

For federal tax purposes, digital assets continue to be treated as property, not currency. This means you must recognize a capital gain or loss when you sell, exchange or otherwise dispose of a digital asset.

The gain or loss is generally the difference between your cost basis (what you paid for the asset) and the amount you receive upon disposal. Depending on whether you held the asset more than one year, the gain or loss may be short-term or long-term.

What Investors Should Know

To facilitate reporting, the IRS created Form 1099-DA, "Digital Asset Proceeds From Broker Transactions." This form is designed specifically for digital assets and is now used by brokers — including many cryptocurrency exchanges and digital asset platforms — to report transaction activity directly to investors and the IRS.

Initially, Form 1099-DA is being used by brokers to report gross proceeds from the sale or exchange of digital assets occurring on or after January 1, 2025. Beginning with transactions on or after January 1, 2026, Form 1099-DA will also require brokers to report the adjusted basis of certain digital assets.

For investors, this means:

• Starting with the 2025 tax year, you're likely to receive Form 1099-DA for reportable digital asset transactions.
• The IRS will receive the same information, making mismatches between reported income and tax returns more likely to trigger IRS notices.

Accurate recordkeeping remains essential, particularly for tracking cost basis. Decentralized Finance (DeFi) brokers and some foreign brokers aren't required to issue Form 1099-DA or report transactions to the IRS. As a result, you're responsible for understanding and reporting your digital asset tax obligations, even if you don't receive a reporting statement covering all activity.

Enforcement Shift

Digital asset taxation has been in place for years, but the new reporting rules mark a notable shift in enforcement. Contact the office for help understanding your reporting obligations and staying in compliance.

Tax disputes are stressful for any business owner. When the issue involves both state and federal tax authorities, the situation can feel even more complex. Each agency has its own rules, timelines, and enforcement powers, which can leave you wondering what steps you need to take.

If you receive notices from more than one tax authority, you need a clear strategy and a steady hand. Understanding how state and federal disputes differ is the first step toward protecting your business and minimizing financial risk.

The Difference Between State & Federal Authority

State and federal tax systems operate independently. The IRS enforces federal tax laws, while each state has its own department of revenue. Even though they may share information, they conduct separate audits and issue separate assessments.

For your business, this means a resolution with one agency does not automatically resolve issues with the other. For example, if the IRS adjusts your taxable income, your state may later adjust its assessment to match. In some cases, the state may even take a more aggressive position.

It's important to review every notice carefully. Look at the tax year in question, the specific issue raised, and the response deadline. Missing a deadline can limit your appeal rights and increase penalties.

Common Triggers for Dual Disputes

Certain situations increase the chance that both state and federal agencies will question your return. Common triggers include:

• Income allocation across multiple states
• Large or unusual deductions
• Payroll tax discrepancies
• Misclassification of workers

If the IRS audits your federal return and proposes changes, your state may receive that information. This can lead to a second review at the state level. Being proactive is critical. As soon as you learn of a federal adjustment, you should evaluate how it will affect your state filings.

Managing the Audit and Appeals Process

When you face a dispute, organization and documentation are your strongest tools. Both state and federal agencies will expect you to support your numbers with clear records.

During an audit, you should:

• Respond in writing and keep copies of all correspondence
• Provide only the documents requested
• Track all deadlines for appeals or conferences

If you disagree with the findings, you have the right to appeal. At the federal level, this may involve the IRS Independent Office of Appeals or even the U.S. Tax Court. At the state level, you may go through an administrative hearing or state tax tribunal.

Each path has its own procedures. A strategy that works with the IRS may not be effective with your state agency. Coordinating your response ensures that statements made in one forum do not create problems in another.

Protecting Your Business From Costly Escalation

Unresolved tax disputes can lead to liens, levies, or damage to your business credit. When both state and federal agencies are involved, the financial pressure can intensify quickly.

An experienced accounting advisor can analyze the technical issues, communicate directly with tax authorities, and negotiate payment plans or settlements when appropriate. More importantly, they can help you align your state and federal positions to avoid conflicting outcomes.

When facing a tax dispute, you must make timely decisions to protect your company's reputation, cash flow, and long-term stability. With the right strategy and support, you can move from reactive stress to proactive control and keep your business focused on growth rather than conflict.

Giving to causes you care about feels good. But did you know it can also make a positive impact on your taxes? Charitable contributions are one of the most effective ways to reduce your taxable income while supporting the nonprofits and missions that matter most to you. If you want to get the most from your generosity, it helps to understand how deductions work and how to document them properly.

Know What Qualifies as a Charitable Contribution

Before you start totaling up your donations, it's important to know what actually counts. Not all giving is tax-deductible. To qualify, your donation must go to a registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. This includes many churches, educational institutions, and public charities.

Qualifying donations can include:

• Cash donations: Whether you give online, write a check, or drop money into a collection box, it counts as long as it's to a qualified nonprofit.
• Non-cash donations: Items like clothing, furniture, or vehicles can also qualify. Be sure to estimate their fair market value and keep receipts or documentation.

Time or services you volunteer are not deductible, but out-of-pocket expenses related to volunteering (like mileage or supplies) might be.

Keep Good Records to Back Up Your Giving

The IRS expects documentation, especially if you're claiming a sizable deduction. For cash donations under $250, a bank record or receipt from the organization will do. For amounts over $250, you'll need a written acknowledgment that includes the donation amount and a statement confirming that no goods or services were received in return.

For non-cash contributions, keep detailed descriptions, photographs, and valuations. If the donation exceeds $500, you'll need to complete Form 8283 with your tax return. Appraisals may be required for high-value items.

Strategize Your Giving for Maximum Impact

Giving with intention can boost both your charitable impact and your tax benefit. Bunching contributions into a single tax year might allow you to exceed the standard deduction threshold. You can then take the itemized deduction that year and use the standard deduction the following year.

Donor-advised funds (DAFs) are another strategic option. They allow you to make a large donation now, claim the deduction right away, and distribute the funds to various charities over time.

You might also consider donating appreciated assets like stocks instead of cash. This lets you avoid paying capital gains tax while still claiming a deduction for the full market value.

Watch Out for Subscription-Based Giving

Many nonprofits offer recurring donation programs that function like subscriptions. These monthly contributions are convenient, but you still need to track them for deduction purposes. It's easy to lose track of these smaller amounts if you're not reviewing your statements.

• Set up a monthly review of your bank or credit card activity
• Download annual summaries from the charities when available
• Note any donations that include perks or gifts, since these may reduce the deductible amount

Giving That Goes Further

Charitable giving is more than just a tax strategy. It's a reflection of your values and a way to make a difference. Keep records, know the rules, and consider speaking with a tax professional who can help you make the most of your contributions.

Raising your prices can feel like the fastest way to improve profit margins, but you may worry about losing customers or falling behind competitors. The good news is that you can strengthen your margins without changing your pricing. The key is to look beyond revenue and focus on efficiency, cost control, and smarter decision-making.

Take a Closer Look at Your True Costs

Before you can improve your margins, you need a clear understanding of where your money goes. Many business owners focus on sales growth but overlook small cost leaks that add up over time.

Start by reviewing your cost of goods sold and operating expenses. Are supplier prices higher than they should be? Are you paying for subscriptions or services you no longer use? Even minor recurring charges can quietly erode your profits.

You should also examine your gross margin by product or service line. Some offerings may be far more profitable than others. When you know which areas deliver the strongest returns, you can focus your energy and marketing efforts there.

Streamline Operations and Reduce Waste

Operational efficiency has a direct impact on profit margins. When your processes are slow or inconsistent, your costs increase and productivity drops. Consider steps such as:

• Automating invoicing and payment reminders to improve cash flow
• Negotiating better terms with vendors or consolidating suppliers
• Reducing excess inventory that ties up working capital
• Cross-training employees to increase flexibility and coverage

Each improvement lowers your overall cost structure without affecting your pricing. Over time, these savings strengthen your margins and increase your company's financial stability.

Focus on Higher Value Clients and Services

Not all revenue contributes equally to your profitability. Some clients require more time, support, or customization than others. Review your client list and service mix. Identify which relationships are the most profitable and which may be draining resources.

Instead of raising prices across the board, you can shift your focus. Devote more attention to high-value services, upsell complementary offerings, or refine your marketing to attract clients who align with your ideal profile. This approach improves your average margin without changing your public pricing structure.

Building Stronger Margins for Long-Term Growth

Improving profit margins without raising prices requires discipline and clear financial insight. An experienced accounting professional can help you analyze cost trends, measure performance by segment, and create realistic margin targets. With expert guidance, you move from reacting to financial pressure to proactively managing your profitability.

Stronger margins offer your business greater resilience during economic shifts and improved stakeholder confidence in your long-term strategy.

Settling an estate is both an emotional and financial process. As you work through legal documents, family conversations, and tax filings, you may find that one issue sits at the center of it all: valuation. Determining the fair market value of assets is not just a technical requirement. It shapes how property is divided, how taxes are calculated, and how smoothly the estate moves through probate.

Why Accurate Valuations Matter

At the heart of estate settlement is the need to determine what each asset is worth as of the date of death. This value becomes the basis for estate tax calculations, beneficiary distributions, and future capital gains considerations.

If you undervalue assets, you risk scrutiny from tax authorities and potential penalties. If you overvalue them, beneficiaries may pay more in estate or income taxes than necessary. Inaccurate valuations can also lead to disputes among heirs, especially when sentimental property or family businesses are involved.

Common Assets That Require Professional Valuation

Not every asset can be valued by simply checking a bank statement. Many estates include more complex holdings that require professional expertise, such as:

• Real estate, including primary homes and rental properties
• Closely held businesses or partnership interests
• Investment portfolios with unique or illiquid securities
• Valuable personal property such as art, jewelry, or collectibles

Each type of asset has its own valuation method. Real estate may require a formal appraisal. A business interest may need a detailed financial analysis that considers earnings, market conditions, and comparable sales. Personal property often requires a specialist who understands niche markets.

How Valuations Affect Taxes and Beneficiaries

Valuations directly impact the estate's tax liability. Federal and state estate taxes, where applicable, are based on the total fair market value of assets. Even if the estate falls below the taxable threshold, accurate reporting is still required.

Valuation also determines the step-up in basis for inherited assets. When you inherit property, your tax basis is generally reset to its value at the date of death. This can significantly reduce capital gains tax if you later sell the asset.

For beneficiaries, clear and well-documented valuations create transparency. They provide a defensible explanation of how assets were divided and why certain distributions were made.

Bringing Clarity to a Complex Process

An experienced accounting professional can coordinate with appraisers, review valuation reports, and ensure that tax filings reflect accurate numbers. This guidance helps you meet legal obligations while protecting the interests of beneficiaries. When valuations are handled with care and expertise, you reduce risk, support fairness, and move the estate toward resolution with confidence.

When you think about budgeting for your business, you may focus on projected income and planned expenses. However, those projections are only as accurate as the data behind them. Bookkeeping provides the financial foundation that allows you to build realistic and reliable forecasts. Without accurate records, your budget becomes guesswork rather than a strategic tool.

Turning Past Data Into Future Decisions

Budget forecasting relies on historical financial data to predict future performance. Your bookkeeping records track income, expenses, and cash flow patterns over time, which gives you a clear picture of how your business operates. When those records are accurate and up to date, you can identify trends that guide your projections.

For example, you may notice seasonal fluctuations in revenue or recurring expenses that increase at certain times of year. These patterns allow you to anticipate changes and plan accordingly. Without consistent bookkeeping, these insights are often missed, leading to budgets that are either too optimistic or too conservative.

Improving Accuracy in Financial Projections

One of the main benefits of strong bookkeeping is improved accuracy in your forecasts. When your financial data is organized and categorized correctly, you can break down your spending and revenue streams in meaningful ways. This allows you to create detailed budgets that reflect how your business actually functions.

Accurate bookkeeping also helps you avoid duplicating or overlooking expenses. Small errors can add up quickly and distort your financial outlook.

Supporting Smarter Decision-Making

Budget forecasting is a strategic tool that guides your decisions as your business grows. When your bookkeeping is in order, you can evaluate whether you have the resources to hire new staff, invest in equipment, or expand into new markets.

Key Bookkeeping Elements That Support Forecasting

Certain bookkeeping practices are especially valuable when it comes to building strong forecasts:

• Consistent tracking of all income and expenses
• Proper categorization of transactions
• Regular reconciliation of bank and credit accounts
• Timely updating of financial records

Turning Numbers Into Direction

Accurate bookkeeping helps you track what has already happened, and in the process, it gives you the tools to plan what comes next. By using your financial records to inform your budget forecasts, you can move forward with clarity and purpose. Strong data leads to better decisions, and better decisions lead to a more stable and successful business.

Don't Let the AMT Catch You Off Guard

Are you subject to the alternative minimum tax (AMT)? In general, this tax applies if your "tentative minimum tax" exceeds your regular income tax liability. Significant long-term capital gains and dividend income or recently exercised incentive stock options can trigger the AMT.

Although the 2025 tax legislation, commonly known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, makes higher AMT exemptions permanent, it phases them out twice as fast beginning in 2026. Also, the legislation quadrupled the limit for the state and local tax deduction, which isn't deductible for AMT purposes. So that item may become an AMT Achilles' heel for more taxpayers. If you're concerned about the AMT, contact the office. Good planning may help you avoid it.

2025 IRA Contribution Deadline Is Coming Up

It's not too late to boost your IRA for 2025. You have until April 15, 2026, to make contributions for the 2025 tax year. This deadline applies to both traditional and Roth IRAs and includes catch-up contributions for eligible individuals.

You must indicate that the contribution is for the 2025 tax year, not 2026. This is important because contributions made from January 1 through April 15 can be designated for either the prior year or the current year. Contact the office if you have questions about IRA contributions or need assistance filing your 2025 return.

Understand the Tax Details When Starting a Business

If you're thinking about starting a business, make sure you understand your federal tax responsibilities before opening your doors. IRS Publication 583, Starting a Business and Keeping Records, covers the basics. Your business structure (such as a sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability company or corporation) determines which forms you must file and which taxes apply, including income, self-employment, employment and excise taxes.

You may also need an Employer Identification Number for tax purposes, and you should be aware of your recordkeeping requirements. Contact the office for assistance.

Upcoming Tax Due Dates